diff --git a/core/src/Damage.cpp b/core/src/Damage.cpp
index 1abb4d3..7cd5a44 100644
--- a/core/src/Damage.cpp
+++ b/core/src/Damage.cpp
@@ -334,3 +334,76 @@ int wearArmor(ArmorSet& armor, float incomingDamage, uint32_t& rng) {
     return spent;
 }
 
+CombatResult applyDamage(CombatStats& target, const EffectSet& targetEffects,
+                         const DamageEvent& event, uint32_t& rng) {
+    CombatResult result;
+    result.incoming = event.amount;
+    if (!target.alive || event.amount <= 0.0f) return result;
+
+    DamageType type = event.source.type;
+    EffectModifier modifier = effectModifiers(targetEffects);
+    if (modifier.fireImmune && isFireDamage(type)) return result;
+
+    float raw = event.amount;
+    if (!bypassesInvulnerability(type)) {
+        if (target.invulnerableTicks > 0) {
+            if (raw <= target.lastDamageTaken) {
+                result.blockedByInvulnerability = true;
+                result.applied = false;
+                return result;
+            }
+            raw -= target.lastDamageTaken;
+            target.lastDamageTaken = event.amount;
+        } else {
+            target.lastDamageTaken = event.amount;
+            target.invulnerableTicks = invulnerabilityTicks;
+        }
+    }
+
+    float afterArmor = raw;
+    if (!bypassesArmor(type)) {
+        afterArmor = armorReduction(target.armor.totalPoints(), target.armor.totalToughness(), raw);
+    }
+    result.afterArmor = afterArmor;
+
+    float afterResistance = afterArmor;
+    float afterProtection = afterArmor;
+    if (!bypassesMitigation(type)) {
+        afterResistance = afterArmor * modifier.incomingDamageMultiplier;
+        afterProtection = afterResistance * protectionFactor(target.armor.protectionPoints(type));
+    }
+    result.afterResistance = afterResistance;
+    result.afterProtection = afterProtection;
+
+    float remaining = afterProtection;
+    if (target.absorption > 0.0f) {
+        float absorbed = std::min(target.absorption, remaining);
+        target.absorption -= absorbed;
+        remaining -= absorbed;
+        result.absorbedByAbsorption = absorbed;
+    }
+
+    float before = target.health;
+    target.health = std::max(0.0f, target.health - remaining);
+    result.healthLost = before - target.health;
+    result.applied = true;
+    result.fatal = target.health <= 0.0f;
+    if (result.fatal) target.alive = false;
+
+    if (!bypassesArmor(type) && afterProtection > 0.0f) {
+        result.armorDurabilityLost = wearArmor(target.armor, raw, rng);
+    }
+
+    if (type == DamageType::Melee || type == DamageType::Projectile) {
+        result.knockback = knockbackAlong(event.direction, event.knockbackStrength);
+        int thorns = target.armor.levelOf(EnchantKind::Thorns);
+        if (thorns > 0 && event.source.attackerId >= 0) {
+            if (rollBelow(rng, 100) < thorns * 15) {
+                result.thornsDamage = static_cast<float>(1 + rollBelow(rng, 4));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+
+} // namespace vf